P212121

First, you need to open a terminal, which can either be done by right clicking on the desktop then selecting open terminal, Applications -> System Tools -> Terminal, or by clicking on the terminal icon (you can hold your cursor over the icons and they will probably tell you what the particular icon represents) that is usually located at the top of screen.

cd
cd is used to change directories hence ‘cd’. If you want to enter a specific directory then follow the command by the name of that directory (folder).
For example: cd Crystallography (press enter after each command) would move into the directory entitled Crystallography
-as a side note the inputs in linux ARE case sensitive
-if you have entered an unique portion of a file or directory you can fill in the rest of name by using the Tab key
For example: cd Crys (enter Tab)
will result in following assuming that name is unique in that particular directory
cd Crystallography

You are always in a directory as soon as you open a terminal (the window that you type/enter commands). You can navigate to directories hierarchically above or below. If you want to move up in directories use the enter the following:
cd ..
If you would like to move up 2 directories then use:
cd ../..
If you like to return to your home directory (the place that you are located when you first open the terminal) then enter the following:
cd ~ (the symbol located at the extreme upper left of most key boards)

If you would like to make a directory use the command:
mkdir XYZ
The XYZ stands for the name would like your directory to be called.

If you would like to list the files and folders in a particular directory type this:
ls
-you may notice that files and directories are color differently.

alias
Will list aliases which are the abbreviations for longer commands

If you need to terminate a program from running (such as simulated annealing in CNS that can take hours) push down the following at the same time (similar to capitalizing a letter with the shift key):
“control” c

You should be able to solve your structures using only the above commands. I don’t want to overwhelm anyone that is new to using linux, but if you have other commands that you feel are critical please leave me a comment.

A number of important crystallographic concepts such as phasing, R factor, resolution, completeness, overloads, low resolution, oscillation and refinement have been brought to life with movies.

The movies will greatly help anyone who is looking to quickly understand the implications of a given parameter. Also the movies may help in understanding why certain value ranges have been deemed acceptable for publication. For example, why a completeness of under 20 percent in the outer most shell is unreasonable.

Finally, I would like thank James Holton for taking the time to create and provide these works of art so that you too may enjoy them here.